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Prove if $X\subset \Bbb{R}$ is $F_{\sigma}$ (can be written as a countable union of closed sets) and $f$ is continuous then $f(X)$ is $F_{\sigma}$.

Proof: Let $X=\cup C_i$ where $C_i$ is closed. Then define $D_{i,n}=C_i \cap [-n,n]$. Then $D_{i,n}$ is compact (closed because intersection of two closed sets, and bounded by $n$). Note that $X=\cup D_{i,n}$. Because $f$ is continuous, it maps compact sets to compact sets. So $f(X)=\cup f( D_{i,n})$ which is a countable union of closed sets.

Does this look okay? This is a previous qualifying exam question.

  • Related: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/207084/lipschitz-functions-carry-f-sigma-to-f-sigma https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/301127/let-the-function-fa-b-to-mathbb-r-be-lipschitz-show-that-f-maps-a-set – 19021605 Dec 28 '25 at 09:14

1 Answers1

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Looks fine to me. You should get full marks for that.

bof
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