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First some background and motivation.

I recently came across a YouTube video where the creator tried to calculate the effects of portals on the gravitational field (although electrostatics should work the same way). In 2D, portals are pairs of line segments which are identified; if you touch one line segment you come out of the corresponding point on the other line segment.

The video creator tried to solve this by assuming that the potential is unique and continuous through portals, and then used FEM to solve Poisson's equation with the appropriate FEM edges identified. I didn't agree with this, since the potential is not really a physical quantity, and one should probably work with the force field directly. Since then I have become somewhat obsessed with this problem.

In 2D, we can phrase this as a complex analysis problem. Away from masses, the force field is an antiholomorphic functions and point masses correspond to poles $-1/\overline{z}$. As a specific example, consider the following setup where the portals are the line segments $(1 - i, 1 + i)$ and $(-1 - i, -1 + i)$. A point mass is placed at $2i$: An image showing the gravitational field with two portals.

In this case, the field lines have to "straighten" next to the portal by symmetry (if you are right next to the portal you see equal masses both to the left and to the right). I will describe how I generated the image later.

I believe the force field should be a multivalued antimeromorphic function. The above image shows the "principal branch" $f_0(z)$, with branch cuts on each portal. If we walk through the portal on the right, we get on a branch $f_1(z)$ that looks like the old one except shifted. We can keep walking through portals to get to $f_n(z)$ for any $n \in \mathbb{Z}$. Crucially, we have

$$f_{n+1}(z) = f_n (z-2)$$

So different branches are related by a translation of the argument, which I have not seen before. For other setups, the transform could involve e.g. a rotation or even a scaling.

My questions are: Do nontrivial examples of such functions actually exist, have they been studied, and can we construct them given some conditions (like poles / masses at specific points)?

In particular, the functions should go to zero for large $|z|$ on each individual branch, so periodic functions don't count.

I generated the image by assuming that I can expand the portal's disturbance in the field using a set of basis functions. After some effort I came up with ${}_2 F_1(1, k + 1/2, k + 1, 1 / z^2) / z$ and ${}_2 F_1(1, k + 1/2, k + 1, 1 / z^2) / z^2$, which decay for large $|z|$ and are comparatively benign near their branch cuts. I place basis functions at each portal and then numerically solve for the coefficients by trying to match the fields across the portals.

At least visually this seems to work, but isn't well-motivated. In particular, I don't know if this expansion can (in the limit) reproduce the real analytic structure, including the poles from the point mass. My knowledge of complex analysis is mostly limited to what comes up in physics.

Edit: To be more specific about the numerical procedure, for the above setup I write $$ f_{0} (z) = \frac{-1}{\overline{z} + 2i} + l(z) + r(z) $$ The first term is the point mass and the other terms are the contributions from the left and right portals, which are sums of scaled and shifted basis functions (with branch cuts along the respective portal lines). I solve for the coefficients in $l$ and $r$ by requiring $$f_0(1 - \epsilon + i y) = f_0(-1 + \epsilon + i y)$$ for $\epsilon \to 0$ and $y \in (-1, 1)$, so that the field is continuous across the portals.

4177318477
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    What do you mean by "the potential is not really a physical quantity"? They indeed are. Of course you can choose different physics for a same question to get possibly different answers. What physics are you applying here, only symmetry constraints? For example, why does gravity at $(1-0,1-0)$ point to $(1,1)$? – JC Q Dec 28 '25 at 20:40
  • This might be debatable, but at least for electrodynamics I would start with Maxwell's equations for the fields themselves, since you can measure them using local experiments, while the potentials I would get from line integrals that have issues if the space isn't simply connected. In any case, I am assuming that the field is divergence- and rotation-free away from the sources and the end points of the portals (where the branch cuts terminate). All arrows in the plot are generated using the numerical calculation, the field just changes direction quite rapidly in the area you pointed out. – 4177318477 Dec 28 '25 at 21:15
  • It might be debatable whether potential is real quantity, but what I am wondering is what physics you are applying, and whether its result contradicts your reference. Like, in the video, 1) the physical essence of portals is the connections of bent space-time; 2) the physics applied on it is Newtonian gravity; 3) the mathematics model is Poisson's equation; 4) the simulation method is finite element method. – JC Q Dec 28 '25 at 21:39
  • And by the way, the behavior of physical systems with a potential aligned with Poisson's equation should- as far as I am concerned- be the same with the behavior with a force aligned with Newtonian universal gravitation formula. – JC Q Dec 28 '25 at 21:45
  • The video assumes that there is a unique potential (so that e.g. integrating the force along a path between two points gives the same potential difference no matter whether the path leads through a portal or not. I do not want to require this, I only want the force to be continuous and satisfy $\nabla F = -\rho$ and $\nabla \times F = 0$. We could still write the potential as a multivalued function, but it would not be "periodic" like the field.

    I apologize, I see now that what I wrote was probably incomprehensible to anyone except myself.

    – 4177318477 Dec 28 '25 at 21:59
  • I think the force should be conservative on the riemann manifold: the divergence of the force should be zero everywhere except at the mass or charge; between two points, the path integral should only depend on which portals you went though and in what order.

    In general one wouldn't expect potential to be conservative even across branch cuts, (it's easy to imagine how to use portals to create infinite energy machines). In general you can still look for a multivalued potential function. A symmetry argument might show that in the example in your diagram, it's still single-valued.

    – Michael Hartley Dec 30 '25 at 01:37
  • After thinking about this problem more, I was able to formulate my actual issue in a more formal way. Instead of rewriting this question completely, I decided to ask this a new question: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/5117521/constructing-f-so-that-fz-fz-1-but-only-in-a-fixed-region – 4177318477 Dec 31 '25 at 12:24

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