Questions tagged [entire-functions]

This tag is for questions relating to the special properties of entire functions, functions which are holomorphic on the entire complex plane. Use with the tag (complex-analysis).

Definition: In mathematical analysis and, in particular, in the theory of functions of complex variable, an entire function, also called an integral function, is a function that is holomorphic in the whole complex plane (except, possibly, at the point at infinity).

It can be expanded in a power series $$f(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}a_k~z^k~,\qquad a_k=\frac{f^{(k)}(0)}{k!}~,\qquad k\ge 0$$which converges in the whole complex plane,$$\lim_{k\to \infty}|a_k|^{\frac{1}{k}}=0\qquad\text{or,}\qquad\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{\ln|a_k|}{k}=-\infty~.$$

Examples:

  • Examples of entire functions are polynomial and exponential functions. All sums, and products of entire functions are entire, so that the entire functions form a $\mathbb C$-algebra. Further, compositions of entire functions are also entire.

  • All the derivatives and some of the integrals of entire functions, for example the error function $erf$, sine integral $Si$ and the Bessel function $J_0$ are also entire functions.

  • In general, neither series nor limit of a sequence of entire functions need be an entire function.

  • The inverse of an entire function need not be entire. Usually, inverse of a nonlinear function is not entire. (The inverse of a linear function is entire). In particular, inverses of trigonometric functions are not entire.

References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entire_function https://m.tau.ac.il/~tsirel/dump/Static/knowino.org/wiki/Entire_function.html https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Entire_function

683 questions
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Does $f(x) = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{k+1} \sin(x/k)$ have infinitely many real zeros?

I am investigating the properties of the function $f(x)$ defined for $x \in \mathbb{C}$ by the series: $$f(x) = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{k+1} \sin\left(\frac{x}{k}\right)$$ This function was the subject of a previous question on its boundedness,…
29
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4 answers

$f(ax)=f(x)^2-1$, what is $f$?

Suppose $f(ax)=(f(x))^2-1$ and suppose that $f$ is analytic in some neighborhood of $x=0$ . Expanding in power series, we get $a=1+\sqrt{5}$ or $1-\sqrt{5}$ . We take positive $a$ . If $f\neq{\rm const}$ then $f'(0)\neq0$ - it can be any non-zero…
25
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2 answers

Proving that a doubly-periodic entire function $f$ is constant.

Let $f: \Bbb C \to \Bbb C$ be an entire (analytic on the whole plane) function such that exists $\omega_1,\omega_2 \in \mathbb{S}^1$, linearly independent over $\Bbb R$ such that: $$f(z+\omega_1)=f(z)=f(z+\omega_2), \quad \forall\,z\in \Bbb…
21
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3 answers

Fermat's last theorem for entire functions

Let $f,g,h$ be entire functions, i.e., holomorphic functions on $\mathbb{C}$ . Suppose $f^n+g^n=h^n$ for some integer $n\geq2$ . What can we say about $f,g,h$ ? Clearly this is Fermat's last theorem for entire functions. I did a little search on the…
19
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1 answer

Is every entire function is a sum of an entire function bounded on every horizontal strip and an entire function bounded on every vertical strip?

Is it true that every entire function is a sum of an entire function bounded on every horizontal strip (horizontal strip is a set of the form $H_y:=\{x+iy : x \in \mathbb R \}$ ) and an entire function bounded on every vertical strip (vertical strip…
user228168
17
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Is an entire function "determined by" its maximum modulus on each circle centered at the origin?

Let $f$ be an entire function, and $$M_f(r)=\max_{|z|\leq r}|f(z)|$$ denotes its maximum modulus on the circle centered at the origin with radius $r>0$ . It's clear that for any entire functions $f(z)$ and $g(z)=e^{i\varphi}f(e^{i\theta}z)$ ,…
lzk
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16
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4 answers

Prove $f$ entire and with a pole at infinity to be polynomial

The question has been asked before, but I can't seem to wrap my head around it. I guess I'm missing something. There is a certain part where I'm experiencing problems, and I can't seem to find an answer to that specific part in the other…
15
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2 answers

Entire function $f(z)$ grows like $\exp(x^\pi)$ as $x\to+\infty$

Does there exists an entire function $f(z)$ such that $\lim_{x\to+\infty}f(x)/\exp(x^\pi)=1$ (along the real axis)? I have successfully constructed $f(z)$ when $\pi$ is replaced by a rational number $\frac pq$ . For…
Kemono Chen
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14
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Prove the existence of $2$-periodic point of $\exp(z)$.

To prove that $\exp(z)$ has at least one fixed point, consider the function $$ f(z) = \exp(z) - z, $$ which satisfies $f(z+2\pi i)=f(z)-2\pi i$ . By Picard's little theorem, we conclude that $f$ is surjective. Therefore, there exists some $\zeta$…
14
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2 answers

How to Prove that if $f(z)$ is entire, and $f(z+i) = f(z), f(z+1) = f(z)$, then $f(z)$ is constant?

So the problem states that if $f(z)$ is entire, and satisfies the relation $f(z+i) = f(z)$ and $f(z+1) = f(z)$ , show that $f(z)$ is constant. So I was thinking that since any point in $\mathbb{C}$ can be written as $\alpha * 1 + \beta * i $ we can…
I Love Cake
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14
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3 answers

When does a multivariate power series define an entire function?

In the single variable case, the power series $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n z^n $$ defines an entire function, provided that $$R^{-1}:=\limsup_{n \to \infty} |a_n|^{1/n}=0. $$ Moreover, if $R^{-1} >0$, the series converges for $|z|<R$, and has some…
user1337
  • 25,029
13
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Is there an entire function with $f(\mathbb{Q}) \subset \mathbb{Q}$ and a non-finite power series representation having only rational Coeffitients

I'm trying to answer the following question: Is there an entire function $f(z) := \sum \limits_{n=0}^\infty c_nz^n$ such that $f(\mathbb{Q}) \subset \mathbb{Q}$ $\forall n: c_n \in \mathbb{Q}$ $f$ is not a polynomial ? I'm trying to show that no…
12
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5 answers

Find all entire functions that satisfy the following equality

For $n\geq 2$ I need to find all entire functions $f:\mathbb{C} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ Such that $f(z^n)=f(z)^n$ for all complex numbers $z$ . I've tried expanding it's series at 0 and have found some relations with the coefficients, but none seem…
12
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2 answers

Does the set of entire functions have the same cardinality as the reals?

I've recently been thinking about entire functions and the Weierstrass factorisation theorem and it got me thinking about the cardinality of the set of entire functions. Clearly $e^{cz}$ is entire, for all $c \in \mathbb{C}$ , so the cardinality of…
h4tter
  • 509
12
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2 answers

If $f$ is an entire function and $f(z) \not \in [0,1]$ for every $z$, then $f$ is constant

I want to prove that if $f$ is an entire function and $f(z) \not \in [0,1]$ for every $z$ , then $f$ is constant. If it was written that $|f(z)| \not \in [0,1]$ I would have used the fact that $\frac{1}{f}$ is entire function and Cauchy's formula to…
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